On the Intermediary Existence of Gaseous Ethylen Fluoronium Ions

The long-sought ethylen fluoronium ion (2) is generated as an intermediate in the dissociative ionization of 1-fluoro-2-(p-methyl)phenoxy ethane (4). However, prior to collisionally induced dissociation 2 undergoes ring-opening, associated with hydrogen migration, to form 1-fluoroethyl cation (3). Other decomposition pathways of the molecular ions of 4 involve (i) direct formation of 3 via a combination of C-O-cleavage (loss of ArO -) and [1,2] hydrogen migration (18%) and (ii) complete positional loss of the a-and β-methylene hydrogen atoms (34%). The remaining 48% of the molecular ions of 4 dissociate via anchimeric assistance of the fluorine in the elimination of ArO·, thus giving rise to the formation of 2

Factive islands and meaning-driven unacceptability

It is often proposed that the unacceptability of a semantically interpretable sentence can be rooted in its meaning. Elaborating on Oshima (2008), we argue that the meaning-driven unacceptability of factive islands must make reference to felicity conditions, and cannot be reduced to the triviality of propositional content. We also observe, again elaborating on Oshima, that the triviality of factive islands need not be logical, but can be relative to a listener’s background assumptions. These findings call for a revision of a prevalent view about meaning-driven unacceptability, according to which unacceptability results from triviality that is both propositional and logical

On the Intermediary Existence of Gaseous Ethylen Fluoronium Ions

The long-sought ethylen fluoronium ion (2) is generated as an intermediate in the dissociative ionization of 1-fluoro-2-(p-methyl)phenoxy ethane (4). However, prior to collisionally induced dissociation 2 undergoes ring-opening, associated with hydrogen migration, to form 1-fluoroethyl cation (3). Other decomposition pathways of the molecular ions of 4 involve (i) direct formation of 3 via a combination of C-O-cleavage (loss of ArO -) and [1,2] hydrogen migration (18%) and (ii) complete positional loss of the a-and β-methylene hydrogen atoms (34%). The remaining 48% of the molecular ions of 4 dissociate via anchimeric assistance of the fluorine in the elimination of ArO·, thus giving rise to the formation of 2

Singular which, mention-some, and variable scope uniqueness

Singular wh-questions carry a uniqueness presupposition. Dayal (1996) proposed that uniqueness is triggered by an answer operator (ANS), which occurs highest in the question LF, outside the question nucleus. We observe data which we take to show that uniqueness may be triggered at a low scope site, beneath operators which themselves are within the question nucleus. In response to these "low uniqueness" cases, we remove the uniqueness presupposition from ANS, and suggest re-localizing it to the wh itself, which can reconstruct into the question nucleus to take narrow scope. This paves the way for a weakening of ANS previously suggested in Fox (2013) to accommodate mention-some questions

Measurements from "per" without complex dimensions

To what extent is the compositional structure of quantity terms in natural language aligned with the structure of the quantity calculus commonly used in scientific practice, a calculus that critically relies on mathematical operations like division and the computation of quotients? In pioneering work, Coppock (2021) addresses this general question through a case study on the English preposition "per", as in "0.9 grams per milliliter". Coppock proposes that "per" expresses the operation of quantity division, an operation that forms quantities like 0.9g/mL by using ratios of measurements from different dimensions. Here we show that this “division theory” of "per" makes the wrong prediction with respect to statements about measures of density and concentration. We argue that these types of expressions call for an “anaphoric theory” ofper. On this analysis, anaphora allows for the composition to invoke multiple measurements in basic dimensions, creating the appearance of reference to complex quantities like 0.9g/mL, even though no such quantities are actually composed nor denoted in the formal semantics

Einsatz von Quassia zur Bekämpfung der Hopfenblattlaus Phorodon humuli in der Sonderkultur Hopfen

Der wichtigste Schädling im Hopfenbau ist generell die Hopfenblattlaus Phorodon humuli. Zu ihrer Bekämpfung wurden bereits zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts weltweit Quassia-Extrakte eingesetzt. Knapp hundert Jahre später wurde Quassia bzw. dessen Wirkstoff Quassin als Option zur Blattlausbekämpfung im Ökologischen Hopfenbau wiederentdeckt, da zu diesem Zeitpunkt insbesondere die zugelassenen Pyrethrine keine befriedigende Wirkung mehr zeigten. Im Rahmen mehrerer Versuche zur biologischen Wirksamkeit, die von 2002 bis 2006 über fünf Vegetationsperioden durchgeführt und dabei ständig wissenschaftlich begleitet wurden, erwies sich Quassin als effektiver Wirkstoff zur Blattlausbekämpfung bei ökologisch bewirtschafteten Aroma-Hopfensorten. Als erfolgversprechendste Methode der Applikation des Wirkstoffes wurde eine systemische Methode entwickelt, wobei das Quassin als ölige Suspension mit einem Pinsel direkt auf die Rebenbasis aufgetragen wird, um sich dann in der ganzen Pflanze zu verteilen. Diese Methode war nicht nur die effektivste, sondern stellte mit Sicherheit auch die umweltfreundlichste Variante dar. Als optimale Wirkstoffmenge bei der systemischen Applikation wurden 24 g/ha Quassin ermittelt. Um Quassin in der EU als Wirkstoff generell verfügbar zu machen, muss dieser erst auf Annex I der EU-Richtlinie 91/414/EWG des Rates gelistet sein. Um die nötigen Daten dafür zu generieren, wurden im Jahr 2007 drei weitere Wirksamkeitsprüfungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurde erstmals auch die Wirksamkeit von Quassin in einer konventionell bewirtschafteten Hochalpha-Sorte geprüft. Die dabei gewonnenen Ergebnisse unterstreichen die aktuelle Bedeutung von Quassin als dem derzeit einzigen effektiven Wirkstoff zur Blattlausbekämpfung im Ökologischen Hopfenbau, insbesondere bei systemischer Applikation

Factive islands from necessary blocking

Oshima (2007) and Schwarz & Simonenko (2018a) credit the unacceptability of so-called factive islands to necessary infelicity – the violation of some or other felicity condition on (wh-)questions in all accessible contexts. We applythis analysis to new types of factive islands – in wh-questions with if any and in multiple wh-questions – and argue that they pose challenges for an analysis in terms of necessary infelicity. We propose that factive islandhood can be understood as due to necessary blocking: in all accessible contexts where such a question would otherwise be felicitous, the speaker would have had to use a different, more suitable, question instead. We show that the necessary blocking analysis applies correctly to both classic factive islands and to the new types that we have identified

Factive islands from necessary blocking

Oshima (2007) and Schwarz & Simonenko (2018a) credit the unacceptability of so-called factive islands to necessary infelicity – the violation of some or other felicity condition on (wh-)questions in all accessible contexts. We apply this analysis to new types of factive islands – in wh-questions with if any and in multiple wh-questions – and argue that they pose challenges for an analysis in terms of necessary infelicity. We propose that factive islandhood can be understood as due to necessary blocking: in all accessible contexts where such a question would otherwise be felicitous, the speaker would have had to use a different, more suitable, question instead. We show that the necessary blocking analysis applies correctly to both classic factive islands and to the new types that we have identified